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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms generally held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Varying crystallinity and electron ingestion in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electro-mechanical insulators (extensively explored in ceramic executive). With such a sizable range of possible options for the composition/structure of the ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, all types of bonding practically, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is great, and identifiable traits (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric conductivity, etc.) are hard to identify for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition temp, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass dietary fiber, while containing ceramic materials, aren't considered to be area of the ceramic family.The term "ceramic originates from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it could be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in flame. Later ceramics were glazed and terminated to produce easy, colored surfaces, lessening porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, commercial and building products, as well as an array of ceramic art. In the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as with semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts offer an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and patterns of individuals of the past. They may be among the most common artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of accumulated sherds can be steady with two main types of research: complex and traditional.Traditional analysis requires sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and greater fragments into specific types based on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of the individuals among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological task of these bits.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis involves a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the materials and through this the possible manufacturing site. Key standards are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the manufacture of this article under analysis: temper is a materials put into the clay through the initial production level, and it is used to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell portions, granite fragments and earth sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is usually identified by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are recognized to occur, an project of the materials source can be made. From the foundation project of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of manufacture.
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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms generally held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Varying crystallinity and electron ingestion in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electro-mechanical insulators (extensively explored in ceramic executive). With such a sizable range of possible options for the composition/structure of the ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, all types of bonding practically, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is great, and identifiable traits (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric conductivity, etc.) are hard to identify for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition temp, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass dietary fiber, while containing ceramic materials, aren't considered to be area of the ceramic family.
The term "ceramic originates from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it could be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in flame. Later ceramics were glazed and terminated to produce easy, colored surfaces, lessening porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, commercial and building products, as well as an array of ceramic art. In the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as with semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts offer an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and patterns of individuals of the past. They may be among the most common artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of accumulated sherds can be steady with two main types of research: complex and traditional.
Traditional analysis requires sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and greater fragments into specific types based on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of the individuals among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological task of these bits.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis involves a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the materials and through this the possible manufacturing site. Key standards are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the manufacture of this article under analysis: temper is a materials put into the clay through the initial production level, and it is used to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell portions, granite fragments and earth sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is usually identified by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are recognized to occur, an project of the materials source can be made. From the foundation project of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of manufacture.
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