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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Differing crystallinity and electron usage in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electro-mechanical insulators (thoroughly researched in ceramic engineering). With such a big selection of possible options for the composition/structure of any ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, all sorts of bonding almost, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable traits (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical power conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the combined group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, goblet transition temps, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass dietary fiber, while made up of ceramic materials, are not regarded as area of the ceramic family.The term "ceramic comes from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in open fire. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to create even later, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, industrial and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such such as semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts produce an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, behavior and technology of individuals of the past. They may be among the most common artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of accumulated sherds can be steady with two main types of evaluation: complex and traditional.Traditional analysis will involve sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technical point out of the interpersonal people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological task of these bits.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis entails a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the materials and through this the possible manufacturing site. Key requirements are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the production of this article under analysis: temper is a material put into the clay during the initial production stage, and it is used to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell parts, granite fragments and ground sherd items called 'grog'. Temper is usually identified by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both clay and temper compositions, and locating a region where both are known to occur, an assignment of the material source can be made. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of production.
Ceramics Plates, Flower Design, Blue Flower, Decor Plates
iznik design ceramic plate millenium modern design for year 2000
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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Differing crystallinity and electron usage in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electro-mechanical insulators (thoroughly researched in ceramic engineering). With such a big selection of possible options for the composition/structure of any ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, all sorts of bonding almost, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable traits (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical power conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the combined group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, goblet transition temps, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass dietary fiber, while made up of ceramic materials, are not regarded as area of the ceramic family.
The term "ceramic comes from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in open fire. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to create even later, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, industrial and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such such as semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts produce an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, behavior and technology of individuals of the past. They may be among the most common artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of accumulated sherds can be steady with two main types of evaluation: complex and traditional.
Traditional analysis will involve sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technical point out of the interpersonal people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological task of these bits.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis entails a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the materials and through this the possible manufacturing site. Key requirements are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the production of this article under analysis: temper is a material put into the clay during the initial production stage, and it is used to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell parts, granite fragments and ground sherd items called 'grog'. Temper is usually identified by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both clay and temper compositions, and locating a region where both are known to occur, an assignment of the material source can be made. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of production.
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