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EUGENE HŐN : CERAMIC ARTIST: Contemporary art and design In China
A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Differing crystallinity and electron utilization in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical power insulators (extensively researched in ceramic anatomist). With such a big selection of possible options for the structure/structure of your ceramic (e.g. all the elements almost, almost all types of bonding, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable characteristics (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the mixed group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition temperatures, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fibre, while containing ceramic materials, are not considered to be area of the ceramic family.The word "ceramic originates from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "employees of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to describe a material, process or product, or it can be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in hearth. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to generate easy, colored surfaces, reducing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, professional and building products, as well as an array of ceramic art. In the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as in semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts provide an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, behavior and technology of peoples of the past. They may be among the most frequent artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of accumulated sherds can be constant with two main types of research: technical and traditional.Traditional analysis consists of sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of individuals among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological assignment of these bits.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis will involve a finer examination of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the materials and through this the possible making site. Key requirements are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the produce of the article under research: temper is a materials added to the clay during the initial production level, and it can be used to aid the next drying process. Types of temper include shell bits, granite fragments and ground sherd items called 'grog'. Temper is usually recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both clay and temper compositions, and locating a region where both are recognized to occur, an project of the materials source can be produced. From the foundation task of the artifact further investigations can be made in to the site of manufacture.
American Ceramic Society; American Ceramic Society. Meeting, vol 45
Ceramic mask, 39;Carnival Olmeca39; by NOVICA. $47.95. Handmade by
Thai Ceramic Society เซรามิกส์ไทย
Association of Spanish Ceramic Tile Manufacturers, in association with
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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Differing crystallinity and electron utilization in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical power insulators (extensively researched in ceramic anatomist). With such a big selection of possible options for the structure/structure of your ceramic (e.g. all the elements almost, almost all types of bonding, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable characteristics (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the mixed group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition temperatures, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fibre, while containing ceramic materials, are not considered to be area of the ceramic family.
The word "ceramic originates from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "employees of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to describe a material, process or product, or it can be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in hearth. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to generate easy, colored surfaces, reducing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, professional and building products, as well as an array of ceramic art. In the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as in semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts provide an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, behavior and technology of peoples of the past. They may be among the most frequent artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of accumulated sherds can be constant with two main types of research: technical and traditional.
Traditional analysis consists of sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of individuals among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological assignment of these bits.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis will involve a finer examination of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the materials and through this the possible making site. Key requirements are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the produce of the article under research: temper is a materials added to the clay during the initial production level, and it can be used to aid the next drying process. Types of temper include shell bits, granite fragments and ground sherd items called 'grog'. Temper is usually recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both clay and temper compositions, and locating a region where both are recognized to occur, an project of the materials source can be produced. From the foundation task of the artifact further investigations can be made in to the site of manufacture.
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