A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sturdy material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Varying crystallinity and electron intake in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electronic insulators (thoroughly explored in ceramic engineering). With such a large selection of possible options for the composition/structure of your ceramic (e.g. all of the elements almost, all types of bonding almost, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is great, and identifiable attributes (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric powered conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition heat range, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass dietary fiber, while formulated with ceramic materials, are not considered to be part of the ceramic family.The expressed word "ceramic comes from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "workers of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics created by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in flames. Later ceramics were glazed and terminated to build even, colored surfaces, lessening porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, industrial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. Within the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as with semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts have an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, patterns and technology of peoples of days gone by. They can be among the most common artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of accumulated sherds can be regular with two main types of examination: complex and traditional.Traditional analysis will involve sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of the folks among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological project of these bits.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis entails a finer examination of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the materials and through this the possible creation site. Key requirements are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the manufacture of this article under study: temper is a material put into the clay during the initial production stage, and it can be used to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell parts, granite fragments and ground sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is usually recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an project of the material source can be produced. From the foundation project of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of production.
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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sturdy material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Varying crystallinity and electron intake in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electronic insulators (thoroughly explored in ceramic engineering). With such a large selection of possible options for the composition/structure of your ceramic (e.g. all of the elements almost, all types of bonding almost, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is great, and identifiable attributes (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric powered conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition heat range, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass dietary fiber, while formulated with ceramic materials, are not considered to be part of the ceramic family.
The expressed word "ceramic comes from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "workers of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The initial ceramics created by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in flames. Later ceramics were glazed and terminated to build even, colored surfaces, lessening porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, industrial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. Within the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as with semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts have an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, patterns and technology of peoples of days gone by. They can be among the most common artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of accumulated sherds can be regular with two main types of examination: complex and traditional.
Traditional analysis will involve sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of the folks among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological project of these bits.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis entails a finer examination of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the materials and through this the possible creation site. Key requirements are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the manufacture of this article under study: temper is a material put into the clay during the initial production stage, and it can be used to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell parts, granite fragments and ground sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is usually recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an project of the material source can be produced. From the foundation project of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of production.
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