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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sound material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Varying crystallinity and electron ingestion in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical insulators (thoroughly investigated in ceramic executive). With such a large range of possible options for the composition/structure of a ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, nearly all types of bonding, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is huge, and identifiable attributes (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric powered conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the mixed group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition heat range, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber content, while including ceramic materials, are not regarded as part of the ceramic family.The indicated word "ceramic comes from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to spell it out a material, product or process, or it may be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either by itself or blended with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in fire. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to set-up soft, colored surfaces, reducing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, professional and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. Inside the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic anatomist, such such as semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts provide an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and action of individuals of days gone by. They can be among the most frequent artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of accumulated sherds can be steady with two main types of evaluation: technical and traditional.Traditional analysis entails sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological assignment of these portions.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis entails a finer examination of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the materials and through this the possible production site. Key conditions are the structure of the clay and the temper found in the production of the article under analysis: temper is a materials added to the clay during the initial production stage, and it can be used to aid the next drying out process. Types of temper include shell parts, granite fragments and floor sherd parts called 'grog'. Temper is usually determined by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both clay and temper compositions, and locating a region where both are recognized to occur, an assignment of the material source can be produced. From the foundation assignment of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of production.
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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sound material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Varying crystallinity and electron ingestion in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical insulators (thoroughly investigated in ceramic executive). With such a large range of possible options for the composition/structure of a ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, nearly all types of bonding, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is huge, and identifiable attributes (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric powered conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the mixed group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition heat range, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber content, while including ceramic materials, are not regarded as part of the ceramic family.
The indicated word "ceramic comes from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to spell it out a material, product or process, or it may be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either by itself or blended with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in fire. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to set-up soft, colored surfaces, reducing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, professional and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. Inside the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic anatomist, such such as semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts provide an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and action of individuals of days gone by. They can be among the most frequent artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of accumulated sherds can be steady with two main types of evaluation: technical and traditional.
Traditional analysis entails sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological assignment of these portions.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis entails a finer examination of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the materials and through this the possible production site. Key conditions are the structure of the clay and the temper found in the production of the article under analysis: temper is a materials added to the clay during the initial production stage, and it can be used to aid the next drying out process. Types of temper include shell parts, granite fragments and floor sherd parts called 'grog'. Temper is usually determined by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both clay and temper compositions, and locating a region where both are recognized to occur, an assignment of the material source can be produced. From the foundation assignment of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of production.
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