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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Differing crystallinity and electron ingestion in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electro-mechanical insulators (extensively investigated in ceramic anatomist). With such a large selection of possible options for the structure/structure of the ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, nearly all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is great, and identifiable features (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric powered conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the blended group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition temperatures, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fibre, while filled with ceramic materials, are not regarded as area of the ceramic family.The term "ceramic originates from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "individuals of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics created by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or blended with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in flames. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to produce smooth later, colored surfaces, lessening porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, commercial and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. Inside the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such as in semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts provide an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and habit of individuals of the past. They are among the most common artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of accumulated sherds can be constant with two main types of evaluation: technical and traditional.Traditional analysis requires sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and larger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and scientific express of the communal people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological task of these items.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis includes a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the way to obtain the material and through this the possible making site. Key criteria are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the production of this article under research: temper is a material added to the clay during the initial production stage, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell portions, granite fragments and floor sherd parts called 'grog'. Temper is discovered by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification depends upon a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be made. From the source task of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of make.
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Porcelain ceramic pottery plate with floral design. by zalt57
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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Differing crystallinity and electron ingestion in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electro-mechanical insulators (extensively investigated in ceramic anatomist). With such a large selection of possible options for the structure/structure of the ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, nearly all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is great, and identifiable features (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric powered conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the blended group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition temperatures, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fibre, while filled with ceramic materials, are not regarded as area of the ceramic family.
The term "ceramic originates from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "individuals of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The initial ceramics created by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or blended with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in flames. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to produce smooth later, colored surfaces, lessening porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, commercial and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. Inside the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such as in semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts provide an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and habit of individuals of the past. They are among the most common artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of accumulated sherds can be constant with two main types of evaluation: technical and traditional.
Traditional analysis requires sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and larger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and scientific express of the communal people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological task of these items.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis includes a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the way to obtain the material and through this the possible making site. Key criteria are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the production of this article under research: temper is a material added to the clay during the initial production stage, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell portions, granite fragments and floor sherd parts called 'grog'. Temper is discovered by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification depends upon a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be made. From the source task of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of make.
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