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The American Ceramic Society at Ohio State
A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising steel, nonmetal or metalloid atoms mostly held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and often completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Differing crystallinity and electron ingestion in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electro-mechanical insulators (thoroughly investigated in ceramic engineering). With such a huge range of possible options for the composition/structure of an ceramic (e.g. every one of the elements nearly, all types of bonding practically, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is vast, and identifiable capabilities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electro-mechanical conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition heat range, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fibers, while formulated with ceramic materials, aren't regarded as part of the ceramic family.The expressed term "ceramic comes from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known reference to the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "individuals of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it can be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in flames. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to set-up simple, colored surfaces, reducing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, professional and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. Within the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as with semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts offer an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and patterns of peoples of days gone by. These are among the most frequent artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of accumulated sherds can be steady with two main types of analysis: technical and traditional.Traditional analysis entails sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and greater fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of the folks among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological assignment of these parts.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis entails a finer examination of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the material and through this the possible processing site. Key criteria are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the produce of the article under analysis: temper is a material put into the clay during the initial production level, and it can be used to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell pieces, granite fragments and surface sherd bits called 'grog'. Temper is usually recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification depends upon a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both clay and temper compositions, and locating a region where both are recognized to occur, an task of the material source can be produced. From the foundation task of the artifact further investigations can be made in to the site of produce.
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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising steel, nonmetal or metalloid atoms mostly held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and often completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Differing crystallinity and electron ingestion in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electro-mechanical insulators (thoroughly investigated in ceramic engineering). With such a huge range of possible options for the composition/structure of an ceramic (e.g. every one of the elements nearly, all types of bonding practically, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is vast, and identifiable capabilities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electro-mechanical conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition heat range, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fibers, while formulated with ceramic materials, aren't regarded as part of the ceramic family.
The expressed term "ceramic comes from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known reference to the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "individuals of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it can be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in flames. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to set-up simple, colored surfaces, reducing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, professional and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. Within the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as with semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts offer an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and patterns of peoples of days gone by. These are among the most frequent artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of accumulated sherds can be steady with two main types of analysis: technical and traditional.
Traditional analysis entails sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and greater fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of the folks among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological assignment of these parts.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis entails a finer examination of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the material and through this the possible processing site. Key criteria are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the produce of the article under analysis: temper is a material put into the clay during the initial production level, and it can be used to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell pieces, granite fragments and surface sherd bits called 'grog'. Temper is usually recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification depends upon a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both clay and temper compositions, and locating a region where both are recognized to occur, an task of the material source can be produced. From the foundation task of the artifact further investigations can be made in to the site of produce.
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