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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and often completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Varying crystallinity and electron usage in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric powered insulators (thoroughly investigated in ceramic engineering). With such a large range of possible options for the structure/structure of the ceramic (e.g. almost all of the elements, all types of bonding practically, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable qualities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, a glass transition heat, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber, while filled with ceramic materials, aren't regarded as part of the ceramic family.The indicated term "ceramic originates from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "employees of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in flames. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to build clean, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, industrial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as in semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts have an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and patterns of peoples of the past. These are among the most typical artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of gathered sherds can be regular with two main types of analysis: technical and traditional.Traditional analysis requires sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of the people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological assignment of these parts.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis requires a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the material and through this the possible creation site. Key standards are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the manufacture of this article under analysis: temper is a material put into the clay through the initial production level, and it can be used to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell parts, granite fragments and surface sherd parts called 'grog'. Temper is usually discovered by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an project of the materials source can be made. From the source project of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of make.
A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and often completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Varying crystallinity and electron usage in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric powered insulators (thoroughly investigated in ceramic engineering). With such a large range of possible options for the structure/structure of the ceramic (e.g. almost all of the elements, all types of bonding practically, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable qualities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, a glass transition heat, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber, while filled with ceramic materials, aren't regarded as part of the ceramic family.
The indicated term "ceramic originates from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "employees of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in flames. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to build clean, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, industrial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as in semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts have an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and patterns of peoples of the past. These are among the most typical artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of gathered sherds can be regular with two main types of analysis: technical and traditional.
Traditional analysis requires sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of the people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological assignment of these parts.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis requires a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the material and through this the possible creation site. Key standards are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the manufacture of this article under analysis: temper is a material put into the clay through the initial production level, and it can be used to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell parts, granite fragments and surface sherd parts called 'grog'. Temper is usually discovered by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an project of the materials source can be made. From the source project of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of make.
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