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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sturdy material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms mostly held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Differing crystallinity and electron usage in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electronic insulators (extensively investigated in ceramic engineering). With such a sizable range of possible options for the composition/structure of your ceramic (e.g. every one of the elements almost, all types of bonding nearly, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is great, and identifiable features (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric conductivity, etc.) are hard to identify for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, goblet transition heat range, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber content, while comprising ceramic materials, aren't considered to be area of the ceramic family.The word "ceramic originates from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "workers of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in open fire. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to make clean later, colored surfaces, reducing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, industrial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. Within the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic anatomist, such as with semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts provide an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, habit and technology of individuals of the past. They are simply among the most typical artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of accumulated sherds can be constant with two main types of evaluation: specialized and traditional.Traditional analysis requires sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of the people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological project of these bits.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis entails a finer study of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the materials and through this the possible manufacturing site. Key requirements are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the make of this article under review: temper is a material put into the clay through the initial production level, and it is used to aid the next drying out process. Types of temper include shell bits, granite fragments and floor sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the temper and clay compositions, and locating a region where both are known to occur, an project of the material source can be produced. From the foundation assignment of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of manufacture.
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American Ceramic Society; American Ceramic Society. Meeting, vol 45
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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sturdy material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms mostly held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Differing crystallinity and electron usage in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electronic insulators (extensively investigated in ceramic engineering). With such a sizable range of possible options for the composition/structure of your ceramic (e.g. every one of the elements almost, all types of bonding nearly, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is great, and identifiable features (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric conductivity, etc.) are hard to identify for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, goblet transition heat range, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber content, while comprising ceramic materials, aren't considered to be area of the ceramic family.
The word "ceramic originates from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "workers of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in open fire. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to make clean later, colored surfaces, reducing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, industrial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. Within the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic anatomist, such as with semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts provide an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, habit and technology of individuals of the past. They are simply among the most typical artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of accumulated sherds can be constant with two main types of evaluation: specialized and traditional.
Traditional analysis requires sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of the people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological project of these bits.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis entails a finer study of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the materials and through this the possible manufacturing site. Key requirements are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the make of this article under review: temper is a material put into the clay through the initial production level, and it is used to aid the next drying out process. Types of temper include shell bits, granite fragments and floor sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the temper and clay compositions, and locating a region where both are known to occur, an project of the material source can be produced. From the foundation assignment of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of manufacture.
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