A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Varying crystallinity and electron utilization in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric powered insulators (extensively researched in ceramic engineering). With such a sizable range of possible options for the structure/structure of an ceramic (e.g. every one of the elements practically, all types of bonding nearly, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is great, and identifiable capabilities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, goblet transition temp, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber, while formulated with ceramic materials, aren't considered to be area of the ceramic family.The word "ceramic originates from the Greek term ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "personnel of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, product or process, or it could be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in fire. Ceramics were glazed and fired to make soft later, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, commercial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic anatomist, such such as semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts offer an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and behavior of peoples of days gone by. These are among the most typical artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of gathered sherds can be regular with two main types of analysis: specialized and traditional.Traditional analysis includes sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and greater fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological status of the public people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological assignment of these items.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis includes a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the materials and through this the possible production site. Key criteria are the composition of the clay and the temper found in the manufacture of the article under study: temper is a material added to the clay during the initial production stage, and it can be used to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell parts, granite fragments and surface sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is usually recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an assignment of the material source can be made. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of manufacture.
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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Varying crystallinity and electron utilization in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric powered insulators (extensively researched in ceramic engineering). With such a sizable range of possible options for the structure/structure of an ceramic (e.g. every one of the elements practically, all types of bonding nearly, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is great, and identifiable capabilities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, goblet transition temp, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber, while formulated with ceramic materials, aren't considered to be area of the ceramic family.
The word "ceramic originates from the Greek term ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "personnel of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, product or process, or it could be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in fire. Ceramics were glazed and fired to make soft later, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, commercial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic anatomist, such such as semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts offer an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and behavior of peoples of days gone by. These are among the most typical artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of gathered sherds can be regular with two main types of analysis: specialized and traditional.
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