A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Differing crystallinity and electron utilization in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical power insulators (extensively researched in ceramic executive). With such a large selection of possible options for the structure/structure of an ceramic (e.g. all the elements nearly, all sorts of bonding practically, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is great, and identifiable features (e.g. hardness, toughness, electronic conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the combined group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition temps, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass dietary fiber, while formulated with ceramic materials, are not considered to be part of the ceramic family.The expressed term "ceramic comes from the Greek phrase ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it could be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in fireplace. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to produce simple, colored surfaces, reducing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, professional and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. In the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such such as semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts come with an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, tendencies and technology of individuals of days gone by. They are really among the most common artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of collected sherds can be consistent with two main types of examination: technological and traditional.Traditional analysis will involve sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of folks among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological task of these pieces.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis consists of a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the material and through this the possible manufacturing site. Key criteria are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the make of the article under research: temper is a material put into the clay through the initial production stage, and it can be used to aid the next drying process. Types of temper include shell parts, granite fragments and floor sherd items called 'grog'. Temper is usually recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification depends upon a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating a region where both are recognized to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be made. From the source project of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of manufacture.
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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Differing crystallinity and electron utilization in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical power insulators (extensively researched in ceramic executive). With such a large selection of possible options for the structure/structure of an ceramic (e.g. all the elements nearly, all sorts of bonding practically, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is great, and identifiable features (e.g. hardness, toughness, electronic conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the combined group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition temps, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass dietary fiber, while formulated with ceramic materials, are not considered to be part of the ceramic family.
The expressed term "ceramic comes from the Greek phrase ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it could be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in fireplace. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to produce simple, colored surfaces, reducing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, professional and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. In the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such such as semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts come with an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, tendencies and technology of individuals of days gone by. They are really among the most common artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of collected sherds can be consistent with two main types of examination: technological and traditional.
Traditional analysis will involve sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of folks among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological task of these pieces.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis consists of a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the material and through this the possible manufacturing site. Key criteria are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the make of the article under research: temper is a material put into the clay through the initial production stage, and it can be used to aid the next drying process. Types of temper include shell parts, granite fragments and floor sherd items called 'grog'. Temper is usually recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification depends upon a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating a region where both are recognized to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be made. From the source project of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of manufacture.
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