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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms generally held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Differing crystallinity and electron ingestion in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electronic insulators (thoroughly researched in ceramic executive). With such a sizable range of possible options for the composition/structure of your ceramic (e.g. almost all of the elements, all sorts of bonding nearly, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable characteristics (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition temperature, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber content, while filled with ceramic materials, are not considered to be part of the ceramic family.The indicated expression "ceramic originates from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "employees of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it could be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in fireplace. Ceramics were glazed and fired to generate even later, colored surfaces, reducing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, industrial and building products, as well as an array of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as in semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts come with an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and tendencies of peoples of days gone by. They may be among the most frequent artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of gathered sherds can be constant with two main types of analysis: specialized and traditional.Traditional analysis consists of sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and larger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technical condition of the public people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological project of these bits.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis entails a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the way to obtain the material and through this the possible creation site. Key criteria are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the production of the article under research: temper is a materials added to the clay through the initial production stage, and it is utilized to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell pieces, granite fragments and floor sherd parts called 'grog'. Temper is usually discovered by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating a region where both are known to occur, an project of the materials source can be made. From the foundation task of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of production.
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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms generally held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Differing crystallinity and electron ingestion in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electronic insulators (thoroughly researched in ceramic executive). With such a sizable range of possible options for the composition/structure of your ceramic (e.g. almost all of the elements, all sorts of bonding nearly, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable characteristics (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition temperature, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber content, while filled with ceramic materials, are not considered to be part of the ceramic family.
The indicated expression "ceramic originates from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "employees of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it could be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in fireplace. Ceramics were glazed and fired to generate even later, colored surfaces, reducing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, industrial and building products, as well as an array of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as in semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts come with an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and tendencies of peoples of days gone by. They may be among the most frequent artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of gathered sherds can be constant with two main types of analysis: specialized and traditional.
Traditional analysis consists of sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and larger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technical condition of the public people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological project of these bits.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis entails a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the way to obtain the material and through this the possible creation site. Key criteria are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the production of the article under research: temper is a materials added to the clay through the initial production stage, and it is utilized to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell pieces, granite fragments and floor sherd parts called 'grog'. Temper is usually discovered by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating a region where both are known to occur, an project of the materials source can be made. From the foundation task of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of production.
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