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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms mostly held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and often completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Varying crystallinity and electron utilization in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electronic insulators (extensively investigated in ceramic executive). With such a large range of possible options for the structure/structure of any ceramic (e.g. every one of the elements almost, all sorts of bonding almost, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is great, and identifiable traits (e.g. hardness, toughness, electronic conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition temp, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass dietary fiber, while containing ceramic materials, aren't regarded as area of the ceramic family.The word "ceramic originates from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known mention of the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "employees of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or blended with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in flames. Later ceramics were glazed and terminated to generate clean, colored surfaces, reducing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, professional and building products, as well as an array of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such just as semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts own an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, habit and technology of peoples of days gone by. They are really among the most common artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of accumulated sherds can be regular with two main types of evaluation: technological and traditional.Traditional analysis will involve sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of the social people among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological assignment of these parts.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis includes a finer study of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the way to obtain the material and through this the possible production site. Key standards are the structure of the clay and the temper found in the produce of this article under analysis: temper is a material put into the clay through the initial production stage, and it is used to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell bits, granite fragments and floor sherd bits called 'grog'. Temper is discovered by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an task of the material source can be produced. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be produced in to the site of make.
older piece by british ceramic designer ann linnemann
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White ceramic design worlds by Vanessa Skiles
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