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older piece by british ceramic designer ann linnemann
A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising steel, nonmetal or metalloid atoms mainly held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Varying crystallinity and electron consumption in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical power insulators (extensively explored in ceramic executive). With such a large range of possible options for the composition/structure of the ceramic (e.g. every one of the elements almost, almost all types of bonding, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is huge, and identifiable capabilities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electronic conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, a glass transition temperature, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon dietary fiber, while formulated with ceramic materials, aren't considered to be part of the ceramic family.The word "ceramic comes from the Greek term ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it could be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics created by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in fire. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to generate easy later, colored surfaces, lessening porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, commercial and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. Inside the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such as in semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts own an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, patterns and technology of individuals of the past. They are really among the most common artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of gathered sherds can be steady with two main types of evaluation: complex and traditional.Traditional analysis will involve sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and greater fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological talk about of the cultural people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological assignment of these bits.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis includes a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the materials and through this the possible manufacturing site. Key conditions are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the make of the article under analysis: temper is a materials added to the clay through the initial production stage, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell parts, granite fragments and floor sherd bits called 'grog'. Temper is usually determined by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification depends upon a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an assignment of the material source can be made. From the source task of the artifact further investigations can be produced in to the site of production.
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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising steel, nonmetal or metalloid atoms mainly held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Varying crystallinity and electron consumption in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical power insulators (extensively explored in ceramic executive). With such a large range of possible options for the composition/structure of the ceramic (e.g. every one of the elements almost, almost all types of bonding, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is huge, and identifiable capabilities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electronic conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, a glass transition temperature, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon dietary fiber, while formulated with ceramic materials, aren't considered to be part of the ceramic family.
The word "ceramic comes from the Greek term ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it could be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The initial ceramics created by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in fire. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to generate easy later, colored surfaces, lessening porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, commercial and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. Inside the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such as in semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts own an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, patterns and technology of individuals of the past. They are really among the most common artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of gathered sherds can be steady with two main types of evaluation: complex and traditional.
Traditional analysis will involve sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and greater fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological talk about of the cultural people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological assignment of these bits.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis includes a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the materials and through this the possible manufacturing site. Key conditions are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the make of the article under analysis: temper is a materials added to the clay through the initial production stage, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell parts, granite fragments and floor sherd bits called 'grog'. Temper is usually determined by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification depends upon a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an assignment of the material source can be made. From the source task of the artifact further investigations can be produced in to the site of production.