A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Varying crystallinity and electron use in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical insulators (thoroughly explored in ceramic anatomist). With such a big range of possible options for the structure/structure of a ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, all sorts of bonding nearly, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is great, and identifiable characteristics (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric powered conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the mixed group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition heat, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber, while including ceramic materials, aren't considered to be part of the ceramic family.The term "ceramic originates from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "individuals of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it can be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or blended with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in flames. Later ceramics were glazed and terminated to generate easy, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, professional and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. Inside the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as in semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts own an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, patterns and technology of individuals of days gone by. They are really among the most frequent artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of accumulated sherds can be constant with two main types of research: technological and traditional.Traditional analysis will involve sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of people among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological task of these portions.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis entails a finer examination of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the way to obtain the material and through this the possible creation site. Key conditions are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the produce of this article under analysis: temper is a materials added to the clay during the initial production level, and it is utilized to aid the next drying out process. Types of temper include shell items, granite fragments and surface sherd bits called 'grog'. Temper is usually identified by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification depends upon a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an task of the material source can be produced. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be produced in to the site of produce.
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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Varying crystallinity and electron use in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical insulators (thoroughly explored in ceramic anatomist). With such a big range of possible options for the structure/structure of a ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, all sorts of bonding nearly, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is great, and identifiable characteristics (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric powered conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the mixed group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition heat, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber, while including ceramic materials, aren't considered to be part of the ceramic family.
The term "ceramic originates from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "individuals of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it can be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or blended with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in flames. Later ceramics were glazed and terminated to generate easy, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, professional and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. Inside the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as in semiconductors.
Traditional analysis will involve sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of people among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological task of these portions.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis entails a finer examination of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the way to obtain the material and through this the possible creation site. Key conditions are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the produce of this article under analysis: temper is a materials added to the clay during the initial production level, and it is utilized to aid the next drying out process. Types of temper include shell items, granite fragments and surface sherd bits called 'grog'. Temper is usually identified by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification depends upon a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an task of the material source can be produced. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be produced in to the site of produce.
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