A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Differing crystallinity and electron ingestion in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical power insulators (thoroughly researched in ceramic executive). With such a large range of possible options for the composition/structure of your ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, almost all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is huge, and identifiable characteristics (e.g. hardness, toughness, electro-mechanical conductivity, etc.) are hard to identify for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition temps, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber content, while made up of ceramic materials, aren't regarded as area of the ceramic family.The term "ceramic comes from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "employees of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to describe a material, process or product, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in fire. Later ceramics were glazed and terminated to create smooth, colored surfaces, lowering porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, commercial and building products, as well as an array of ceramic art. Within the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such as with semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts own an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and tendencies of peoples of the past. They are among the most frequent artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of gathered sherds can be steady with two main types of evaluation: complex and traditional.Traditional analysis consists of sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and scientific state of the sociable people among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological assignment of these items.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis requires a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the material and through this the possible production site. Key conditions are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the production of the article under research: temper is a material added to the clay during the initial production level, and it is utilized to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell pieces, granite fragments and floor sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is usually discovered by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification depends upon a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the temper and clay compositions, and locating a region where both are recognized to occur, an assignment of the material source can be made. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of production.
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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Differing crystallinity and electron ingestion in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical power insulators (thoroughly researched in ceramic executive). With such a large range of possible options for the composition/structure of your ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, almost all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is huge, and identifiable characteristics (e.g. hardness, toughness, electro-mechanical conductivity, etc.) are hard to identify for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition temps, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber content, while made up of ceramic materials, aren't regarded as area of the ceramic family.
The term "ceramic comes from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "employees of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to describe a material, process or product, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in fire. Later ceramics were glazed and terminated to create smooth, colored surfaces, lowering porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, commercial and building products, as well as an array of ceramic art. Within the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such as with semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts own an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and tendencies of peoples of the past. They are among the most frequent artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of gathered sherds can be steady with two main types of evaluation: complex and traditional.
Traditional analysis consists of sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and scientific state of the sociable people among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological assignment of these items.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis requires a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the material and through this the possible production site. Key conditions are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the production of the article under research: temper is a material added to the clay during the initial production level, and it is utilized to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell pieces, granite fragments and floor sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is usually discovered by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification depends upon a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the temper and clay compositions, and locating a region where both are recognized to occur, an assignment of the material source can be made. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of production.
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