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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Varying crystallinity and electron consumption in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electro-mechanical insulators (thoroughly explored in ceramic engineering). With such a big selection of possible options for the composition/structure of a ceramic (e.g. all of the elements practically, all types of bonding practically, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable characteristics (e.g. hardness, toughness, electronic conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition temperature, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon dietary fiber, while containing ceramic materials, are not regarded as part of the ceramic family.The term "ceramic comes from the Greek phrase ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, product or process, or it can be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or blended with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in flames. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to create even, colored surfaces, reducing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. In the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic anatomist, such such as semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts have an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and behavior of individuals of days gone by. They are really among the most typical artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of gathered sherds can be steady with two main types of evaluation: technical and traditional.Traditional analysis requires sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of the individuals among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological task of these portions.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis includes a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the material and through this the possible manufacturing site. Key criteria are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the production of the article under analysis: temper is a materials put into the clay through the initial production level, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell parts, granite fragments and surface sherd bits called 'grog'. Temper is discovered by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification is determined by a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are recognized to occur, an task of the material source can be made. From the foundation project of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of produce.
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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Varying crystallinity and electron consumption in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electro-mechanical insulators (thoroughly explored in ceramic engineering). With such a big selection of possible options for the composition/structure of a ceramic (e.g. all of the elements practically, all types of bonding practically, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable characteristics (e.g. hardness, toughness, electronic conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition temperature, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon dietary fiber, while containing ceramic materials, are not regarded as part of the ceramic family.
The term "ceramic comes from the Greek phrase ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, product or process, or it can be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or blended with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in flames. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to create even, colored surfaces, reducing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. In the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic anatomist, such such as semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts have an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and behavior of individuals of days gone by. They are really among the most typical artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of gathered sherds can be steady with two main types of evaluation: technical and traditional.
Traditional analysis requires sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of the individuals among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological task of these portions.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis includes a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the material and through this the possible manufacturing site. Key criteria are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the production of the article under analysis: temper is a materials put into the clay through the initial production level, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell parts, granite fragments and surface sherd bits called 'grog'. Temper is discovered by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification is determined by a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are recognized to occur, an task of the material source can be made. From the foundation project of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of produce.
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