A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sound material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms mainly held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Differing crystallinity and electron ingestion in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric insulators (extensively investigated in ceramic executive). With such a huge selection of possible options for the composition/structure of any ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, all types of bonding practically, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is huge, and identifiable capabilities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical power conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the merged group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition temperature, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fibre, while including ceramic materials, are not regarded as part of the ceramic family.The term "ceramic originates from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known reference to the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "individuals of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, process or product, or it can be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either by itself or blended with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in fire. Ceramics were glazed and fired to make clean later, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, commercial and building products, as well as an array of ceramic art. Within the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such just as semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts produce an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, action and technology of peoples of days gone by. They can be among the most frequent artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of gathered sherds can be consistent with two main types of research: technical and traditional.Traditional analysis involves sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of individuals among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological task of these items.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis involves a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the way to obtain the materials and through this the possible production site. Key criteria are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the produce of this article under research: temper is a material put into the clay through the initial production level, and it is used to aid the next drying process. Types of temper include shell bits, granite fragments and surface sherd items called 'grog'. Temper is usually recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating a region where both are recognized to occur, an assignment of the material source can be produced. From the source project of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of produce.
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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sound material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms mainly held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Differing crystallinity and electron ingestion in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric insulators (extensively investigated in ceramic executive). With such a huge selection of possible options for the composition/structure of any ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, all types of bonding practically, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is huge, and identifiable capabilities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical power conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the merged group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition temperature, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fibre, while including ceramic materials, are not regarded as part of the ceramic family.
The term "ceramic originates from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known reference to the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "individuals of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, process or product, or it can be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either by itself or blended with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in fire. Ceramics were glazed and fired to make clean later, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, commercial and building products, as well as an array of ceramic art. Within the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such just as semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts produce an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, action and technology of peoples of days gone by. They can be among the most frequent artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of gathered sherds can be consistent with two main types of research: technical and traditional.
Traditional analysis involves sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of individuals among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological task of these items.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis involves a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the way to obtain the materials and through this the possible production site. Key criteria are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the produce of this article under research: temper is a material put into the clay through the initial production level, and it is used to aid the next drying process. Types of temper include shell bits, granite fragments and surface sherd items called 'grog'. Temper is usually recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating a region where both are recognized to occur, an assignment of the material source can be produced. From the source project of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of produce.
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