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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sturdy material comprising steel, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Differing crystallinity and electron consumption in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical power insulators (extensively investigated in ceramic executive). With such a sizable range of possible options for the composition/structure of any ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, all sorts of bonding nearly, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is huge, and identifiable features (e.g. hardness, toughness, electronic conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, a glass transition heat range, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fibers, while including ceramic materials, are not regarded as area of the ceramic family.The term "ceramic originates from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known mention of the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "workers of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it could be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in fireplace. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to make clean later, colored surfaces, reducing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, professional and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as with semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts have an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, action and technology of individuals of days gone by. These are among the most frequent artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of collected sherds can be regular with two main types of research: complex and traditional.Traditional analysis entails sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological express of the interpersonal people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological assignment of these bits.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis entails a finer study of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the way to obtain the materials and through this the possible making site. Key requirements are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the manufacture of the article under review: temper is a material added to the clay through the initial production level, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell items, granite fragments and ground sherd pieces called 'grog'. Temper is identified by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification depends upon an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are recognized to occur, an task of the materials source can be made. From the foundation assignment of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of manufacture.
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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sturdy material comprising steel, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Differing crystallinity and electron consumption in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical power insulators (extensively investigated in ceramic executive). With such a sizable range of possible options for the composition/structure of any ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, all sorts of bonding nearly, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is huge, and identifiable features (e.g. hardness, toughness, electronic conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, a glass transition heat range, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fibers, while including ceramic materials, are not regarded as area of the ceramic family.
The term "ceramic originates from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known mention of the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "workers of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it could be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in fireplace. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to make clean later, colored surfaces, reducing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, professional and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as with semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts have an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, action and technology of individuals of days gone by. These are among the most frequent artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of collected sherds can be regular with two main types of research: complex and traditional.
Traditional analysis entails sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological express of the interpersonal people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological assignment of these bits.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis entails a finer study of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the way to obtain the materials and through this the possible making site. Key requirements are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the manufacture of the article under review: temper is a material added to the clay through the initial production level, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell items, granite fragments and ground sherd pieces called 'grog'. Temper is identified by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification depends upon an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are recognized to occur, an task of the materials source can be made. From the foundation assignment of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of manufacture.
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