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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and often completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Varying crystallinity and electron intake in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical insulators (thoroughly investigated in ceramic anatomist). With such a huge selection of possible options for the composition/structure of a ceramic (e.g. every one of the elements practically, all sorts of bonding almost, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable traits (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the mixed group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition heat range, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber content, while filled with ceramic materials, aren't regarded as area of the ceramic family.The word "ceramic comes from the Greek term ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "individuals of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in flame. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to generate soft, colored surfaces, lowering porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, industrial and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. In the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such just as semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts offer an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, habit and technology of peoples of the past. They may be among the most frequent artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of gathered sherds can be constant with two main types of evaluation: technological and traditional.Traditional analysis includes sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological task of these portions.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis consists of a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the way to obtain the materials and through this the possible making site. Key conditions are the composition of the clay and the temper found in the production of the article under review: temper is a material put into the clay during the initial production level, and it is employed to aid the next drying process. Types of temper include shell items, granite fragments and floor sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is usually recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the temper and clay compositions, and locating a region where both are known to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be produced. From the foundation task of the artifact further investigations can be made in to the site of production.
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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and often completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Varying crystallinity and electron intake in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical insulators (thoroughly investigated in ceramic anatomist). With such a huge selection of possible options for the composition/structure of a ceramic (e.g. every one of the elements practically, all sorts of bonding almost, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable traits (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the mixed group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition heat range, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber content, while filled with ceramic materials, aren't regarded as area of the ceramic family.
The word "ceramic comes from the Greek term ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "individuals of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in flame. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to generate soft, colored surfaces, lowering porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, industrial and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. In the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such just as semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts offer an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, habit and technology of peoples of the past. They may be among the most frequent artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of gathered sherds can be constant with two main types of evaluation: technological and traditional.
Traditional analysis includes sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological task of these portions.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis consists of a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the way to obtain the materials and through this the possible making site. Key conditions are the composition of the clay and the temper found in the production of the article under review: temper is a material put into the clay during the initial production level, and it is employed to aid the next drying process. Types of temper include shell items, granite fragments and floor sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is usually recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the temper and clay compositions, and locating a region where both are known to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be produced. From the foundation task of the artifact further investigations can be made in to the site of production.
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