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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and often completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Differing crystallinity and electron consumption in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric powered insulators (extensively researched in ceramic anatomist). With such a sizable range of possible options for the structure/structure of an ceramic (e.g. all the elements almost, all sorts of bonding practically, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is vast, and identifiable features (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical power conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the combined group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, glass transition temperatures, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber content, while made up of ceramic materials, aren't considered to be part of the ceramic family.The word "ceramic originates from the Greek phrase ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to spell it out a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either by itself or blended with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in fire. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to create easy later, colored surfaces, lowering porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, commercial and building products, as well as an array of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such as with semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts provide an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, tendencies and technology of individuals of days gone by. They are really among the most common artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of collected sherds can be consistent with two main types of research: technological and traditional.Traditional analysis involves sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of the people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological project of these bits.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis entails a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the way to obtain the materials and through this the possible manufacturing site. Key conditions are the composition of the clay and the temper found in the make of this article under review: temper is a material added to the clay through the initial production level, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell bits, granite fragments and earth sherd parts called 'grog'. Temper is recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification depends upon an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are recognized to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be made. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of make.
Ceramic apples Design and Technology Damp;T Food Tech amp; nutrition
A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and often completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Differing crystallinity and electron consumption in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric powered insulators (extensively researched in ceramic anatomist). With such a sizable range of possible options for the structure/structure of an ceramic (e.g. all the elements almost, all sorts of bonding practically, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is vast, and identifiable features (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical power conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the combined group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, glass transition temperatures, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber content, while made up of ceramic materials, aren't considered to be part of the ceramic family.
The word "ceramic originates from the Greek phrase ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to spell it out a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either by itself or blended with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in fire. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to create easy later, colored surfaces, lowering porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, commercial and building products, as well as an array of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such as with semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts provide an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, tendencies and technology of individuals of days gone by. They are really among the most common artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of collected sherds can be consistent with two main types of research: technological and traditional.
Traditional analysis involves sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of the people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological project of these bits.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis entails a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the way to obtain the materials and through this the possible manufacturing site. Key conditions are the composition of the clay and the temper found in the make of this article under review: temper is a material added to the clay through the initial production level, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell bits, granite fragments and earth sherd parts called 'grog'. Temper is recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification depends upon an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are recognized to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be made. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of make.
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