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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms generally held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Differing crystallinity and electron utilization in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric insulators (thoroughly investigated in ceramic anatomist). With such a sizable range of possible options for the composition/structure of the ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, nearly all types of bonding, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is huge, and identifiable traits (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition heat, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber content, while containing ceramic materials, are not considered to be part of the ceramic family.The indicated term "ceramic originates from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "workers of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it could be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics created by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in flames. Ceramics were glazed and fired to build soft later, colored surfaces, reducing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, industrial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. In the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic anatomist, such just as semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts own an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and habit of individuals of days gone by. These are among the most frequent artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of gathered sherds can be regular with two main types of examination: technical and traditional.Traditional analysis will involve sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of people among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological assignment of these parts.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis entails a finer study of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the way to obtain the material and through this the possible production site. Key requirements are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the production of the article under study: temper is a materials added to the clay during the initial production level, and it is utilized to aid the next drying process. Types of temper include shell portions, granite fragments and floor sherd items called 'grog'. Temper is usually identified by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be produced. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of manufacture.
Screen Porch with Water View Westport, Connecticut traditionalporch
Screen Porch with Water View Westport, Connecticut traditionalporch
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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms generally held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Differing crystallinity and electron utilization in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric insulators (thoroughly investigated in ceramic anatomist). With such a sizable range of possible options for the composition/structure of the ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, nearly all types of bonding, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is huge, and identifiable traits (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition heat, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber content, while containing ceramic materials, are not considered to be part of the ceramic family.
The indicated term "ceramic originates from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "workers of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it could be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The initial ceramics created by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in flames. Ceramics were glazed and fired to build soft later, colored surfaces, reducing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, industrial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. In the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic anatomist, such just as semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts own an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and habit of individuals of days gone by. These are among the most frequent artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of gathered sherds can be regular with two main types of examination: technical and traditional.
Traditional analysis will involve sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of people among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological assignment of these parts.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis entails a finer study of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the way to obtain the material and through this the possible production site. Key requirements are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the production of the article under study: temper is a materials added to the clay during the initial production level, and it is utilized to aid the next drying process. Types of temper include shell portions, granite fragments and floor sherd items called 'grog'. Temper is usually identified by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be produced. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of manufacture.
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