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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Varying crystallinity and electron ingestion in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical insulators (thoroughly explored in ceramic executive). With such a sizable range of possible options for the composition/structure of your ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, nearly all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is great, and identifiable qualities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electro-mechanical conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition temp, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fibre, while containing ceramic materials, aren't considered to be part of the ceramic family.The indicated term "ceramic originates from the Greek phrase ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "personnel of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics created by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in flame. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to produce easy, colored surfaces, reducing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. Inside the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such such as semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts provide an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and action of peoples of days gone by. They can be among the most common artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of collected sherds can be regular with two main types of analysis: complex and traditional.Traditional analysis will involve sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and larger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological express of the communal people among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological task of these pieces.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis will involve a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the way to obtain the material and through this the possible creation site. Key conditions are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the make of the article under review: temper is a materials put into the clay during the initial production stage, and it is employed to aid the next drying out process. Types of temper include shell pieces, granite fragments and floor sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification is determined by a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are recognized to occur, an project of the material source can be made. From the foundation project of the artifact further investigations can be produced in to the site of manufacture.
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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Varying crystallinity and electron ingestion in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical insulators (thoroughly explored in ceramic executive). With such a sizable range of possible options for the composition/structure of your ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, nearly all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is great, and identifiable qualities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electro-mechanical conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition temp, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fibre, while containing ceramic materials, aren't considered to be part of the ceramic family.
The indicated term "ceramic originates from the Greek phrase ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "personnel of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The initial ceramics created by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in flame. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to produce easy, colored surfaces, reducing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. Inside the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such such as semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts provide an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and action of peoples of days gone by. They can be among the most common artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of collected sherds can be regular with two main types of analysis: complex and traditional.
Traditional analysis will involve sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and larger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological express of the communal people among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological task of these pieces.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis will involve a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the way to obtain the material and through this the possible creation site. Key conditions are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the make of the article under review: temper is a materials put into the clay during the initial production stage, and it is employed to aid the next drying out process. Types of temper include shell pieces, granite fragments and floor sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification is determined by a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are recognized to occur, an project of the material source can be made. From the foundation project of the artifact further investigations can be produced in to the site of manufacture.
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