A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms mainly held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Varying crystallinity and electron usage in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric powered insulators (extensively researched in ceramic engineering). With such a large range of possible options for the composition/structure of the ceramic (e.g. every one of the elements practically, all sorts of bonding nearly, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is huge, and identifiable attributes (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric powered conductivity, etc.) are hard to identify for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, glass transition heat, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber, while made up of ceramic materials, are not regarded as part of the ceramic family.The expressed phrase "ceramic comes from the Greek term ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "personnel of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in fire. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to create soft, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, professional and building products, as well as an array of ceramic art. In the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic anatomist, such just as semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts come with an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and habit of individuals of days gone by. They are really among the most typical artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of accumulated sherds can be consistent with two main types of analysis: technological and traditional.Traditional analysis requires sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological express of the sociable people among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological assignment of these pieces.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis consists of a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the material and through this the possible developing site. Key criteria are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the make of this article under review: temper is a material put into the clay during the initial production level, and it can be used to aid the next drying out process. Types of temper include shell portions, granite fragments and earth sherd items called 'grog'. Temper is usually identified by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be made. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be produced in to the site of production.
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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms mainly held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Varying crystallinity and electron usage in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric powered insulators (extensively researched in ceramic engineering). With such a large range of possible options for the composition/structure of the ceramic (e.g. every one of the elements practically, all sorts of bonding nearly, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is huge, and identifiable attributes (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric powered conductivity, etc.) are hard to identify for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, glass transition heat, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber, while made up of ceramic materials, are not regarded as part of the ceramic family.
The expressed phrase "ceramic comes from the Greek term ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "personnel of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
Ceramic artifacts come with an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and habit of individuals of days gone by. They are really among the most typical artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of accumulated sherds can be consistent with two main types of analysis: technological and traditional.
Traditional analysis requires sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological express of the sociable people among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological assignment of these pieces.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis consists of a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the material and through this the possible developing site. Key criteria are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the make of this article under review: temper is a material put into the clay during the initial production level, and it can be used to aid the next drying out process. Types of temper include shell portions, granite fragments and earth sherd items called 'grog'. Temper is usually identified by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be made. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be produced in to the site of production.
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