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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms generally held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Varying crystallinity and electron consumption in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electronic insulators (thoroughly explored in ceramic anatomist). With such a large range of possible options for the composition/structure of a ceramic (e.g. all of the elements practically, nearly all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is great, and identifiable attributes (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric powered conductivity, etc.) are hard to identify for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, goblet transition temp, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber, while containing ceramic materials, aren't regarded as area of the ceramic family.The portrayed word "ceramic originates from the Greek phrase ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to describe a material, process or product, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in open fire. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to produce even later, colored surfaces, reducing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, professional and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. In the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such just as semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts provide an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and action of peoples of days gone by. These are among the most common artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of accumulated sherds can be steady with two main types of research: technical and traditional.Traditional analysis involves sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of individuals among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological project of these parts.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis requires a finer examination of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the way to obtain the material and through this the possible production site. Key requirements are the composition of the clay and the temper found in the manufacture of the article under study: temper is a material added to the clay through the initial production stage, and it can be used to aid the next drying process. Types of temper include shell pieces, granite fragments and ground sherd bits called 'grog'. Temper is determined by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification depends upon an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an assignment of the material source can be made. From the source task of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of make.
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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms generally held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Varying crystallinity and electron consumption in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electronic insulators (thoroughly explored in ceramic anatomist). With such a large range of possible options for the composition/structure of a ceramic (e.g. all of the elements practically, nearly all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is great, and identifiable attributes (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric powered conductivity, etc.) are hard to identify for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, goblet transition temp, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber, while containing ceramic materials, aren't regarded as area of the ceramic family.
The portrayed word "ceramic originates from the Greek phrase ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to describe a material, process or product, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in open fire. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to produce even later, colored surfaces, reducing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, professional and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. In the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such just as semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts provide an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and action of peoples of days gone by. These are among the most common artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of accumulated sherds can be steady with two main types of research: technical and traditional.
Traditional analysis involves sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of individuals among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological project of these parts.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis requires a finer examination of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the way to obtain the material and through this the possible production site. Key requirements are the composition of the clay and the temper found in the manufacture of the article under study: temper is a material added to the clay through the initial production stage, and it can be used to aid the next drying process. Types of temper include shell pieces, granite fragments and ground sherd bits called 'grog'. Temper is determined by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification depends upon an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an assignment of the material source can be made. From the source task of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of make.
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