A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sound material comprising steel, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Differing crystallinity and electron use in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical power insulators (thoroughly investigated in ceramic engineering). With such a huge range of possible options for the composition/structure of the ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, all types of bonding almost, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable traits (e.g. hardness, toughness, electro-mechanical conductivity, etc.) are hard to identify for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, goblet transition temperature, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber content, while made up of ceramic materials, are not considered to be area of the ceramic family.The word "ceramic comes from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "personnel of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, process or product, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in fireplace. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to make even later, colored surfaces, lessening porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, commercial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. Within the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such as in semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts have an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and behavior of individuals of days gone by. They are really among the most typical artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of collected sherds can be regular with two main types of examination: specialized and traditional.Traditional analysis includes sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological status of the interpersonal people among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological task of these bits.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis includes a finer study of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the way to obtain the materials and through this the possible creation site. Key requirements are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the produce of this article under research: temper is a materials put into the clay through the initial production level, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell pieces, granite fragments and earth sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is identified by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification depends upon a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating a region where both are known to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be produced. From the foundation task of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of make.
A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sound material comprising steel, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Differing crystallinity and electron use in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical power insulators (thoroughly investigated in ceramic engineering). With such a huge range of possible options for the composition/structure of the ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, all types of bonding almost, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable traits (e.g. hardness, toughness, electro-mechanical conductivity, etc.) are hard to identify for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, goblet transition temperature, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber content, while made up of ceramic materials, are not considered to be area of the ceramic family.
The word "ceramic comes from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "personnel of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, process or product, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".
Ceramic artifacts have an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and behavior of individuals of days gone by. They are really among the most typical artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of collected sherds can be regular with two main types of examination: specialized and traditional.
Traditional analysis includes sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological status of the interpersonal people among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological task of these bits.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis includes a finer study of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the way to obtain the materials and through this the possible creation site. Key requirements are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the produce of this article under research: temper is a materials put into the clay through the initial production level, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell pieces, granite fragments and earth sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is identified by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification depends upon a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating a region where both are known to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be produced. From the foundation task of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of make.
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