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Screen Porch with Water View Westport, Connecticut traditionalporch
A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sound material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and often completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Varying crystallinity and electron intake in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electro-mechanical insulators (thoroughly researched in ceramic executive). With such a sizable selection of possible options for the composition/structure of an ceramic (e.g. almost all of the elements, almost all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is huge, and identifiable characteristics (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, glass transition temperatures, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fibre, while comprising ceramic materials, aren't considered to be part of the ceramic family.The word "ceramic comes from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "personnel of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, process or product, or it can be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in fire. Later ceramics were glazed and terminated to make soft, colored surfaces, reducing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, professional and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic anatomist, such as in semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts offer an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and behavior of individuals of days gone by. They may be among the most frequent artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of accumulated sherds can be constant with two main types of research: specialized and traditional.Traditional analysis includes sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological talk about of the communal people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological task of these bits.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis involves a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the materials and through this the possible making site. Key requirements are the composition of the clay and the temper found in the make of the article under study: temper is a material added to the clay through the initial production level, and it is utilized to aid the next drying out process. Types of temper include shell pieces, granite fragments and earth sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is usually identified by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an project of the materials source can be produced. From the foundation project of the artifact further investigations can be made in to the site of make.
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