A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms generally held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Varying crystallinity and electron intake in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric insulators (extensively researched in ceramic engineering). With such a big selection of possible options for the composition/structure of a ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, nearly all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is great, and identifiable features (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the mixed group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition temperatures, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fibre, while including ceramic materials, are not regarded as area of the ceramic family.The portrayed word "ceramic comes from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in flame. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to make clean later, colored surfaces, reducing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, commercial and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. Inside the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such such as semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts provide an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and behavior of individuals of the past. They are among the most typical artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of collected sherds can be steady with two main types of examination: technical and traditional.Traditional analysis includes sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and greater fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological condition of the public people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological project of these items.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis requires a finer examination of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the way to obtain the materials and through this the possible developing site. Key criteria are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the production of the article under study: temper is a materials added to the clay during the initial production level, and it is utilized to aid the next drying process. Types of temper include shell portions, granite fragments and floor sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is usually determined by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification depends upon an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating a region where both are known to occur, an assignment of the material source can be produced. From the source project of the artifact further investigations can be made in to the site of production.
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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms generally held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Varying crystallinity and electron intake in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric insulators (extensively researched in ceramic engineering). With such a big selection of possible options for the composition/structure of a ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, nearly all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is great, and identifiable features (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the mixed group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition temperatures, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fibre, while including ceramic materials, are not regarded as area of the ceramic family.
The portrayed word "ceramic comes from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in flame. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to make clean later, colored surfaces, reducing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, commercial and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. Inside the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such such as semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts provide an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and behavior of individuals of the past. They are among the most typical artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of collected sherds can be steady with two main types of examination: technical and traditional.
Traditional analysis includes sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and greater fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological condition of the public people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological project of these items.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis requires a finer examination of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the way to obtain the materials and through this the possible developing site. Key criteria are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the production of the article under study: temper is a materials added to the clay during the initial production level, and it is utilized to aid the next drying process. Types of temper include shell portions, granite fragments and floor sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is usually determined by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification depends upon an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating a region where both are known to occur, an assignment of the material source can be produced. From the source project of the artifact further investigations can be made in to the site of production.
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