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керамика ceramics sculptural american ceramics ceramics ron
A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sturdy material comprising steel, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Varying crystallinity and electron usage in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric insulators (extensively explored in ceramic engineering). With such a sizable selection of possible options for the composition/structure of the ceramic (e.g. all of the elements nearly, almost all types of bonding, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is great, and identifiable attributes (e.g. hardness, toughness, electronic conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition temps, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber, while made up of ceramic materials, aren't considered to be part of the ceramic family.The term "ceramic comes from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known reference to the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, process or product, or it could be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in fireplace. Later ceramics were glazed and terminated to set-up even, colored surfaces, lowering porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, commercial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. Inside the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such just as semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts own an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and tendencies of peoples of the past. They are really among the most common artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of collected sherds can be regular with two main types of analysis: specialized and traditional.Traditional analysis involves sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of people among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological assignment of these items.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis entails a finer study of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the materials and through this the possible creation site. Key conditions are the composition of the clay and the temper found in the production of this article under research: temper is a material added to the clay during the initial production stage, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell parts, granite fragments and surface sherd items called 'grog'. Temper is discovered by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification depends upon a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are recognized to occur, an assignment of the material source can be made. From the source task of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of production.
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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sturdy material comprising steel, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Varying crystallinity and electron usage in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric insulators (extensively explored in ceramic engineering). With such a sizable selection of possible options for the composition/structure of the ceramic (e.g. all of the elements nearly, almost all types of bonding, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is great, and identifiable attributes (e.g. hardness, toughness, electronic conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition temps, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber, while made up of ceramic materials, aren't considered to be part of the ceramic family.
The term "ceramic comes from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known reference to the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, process or product, or it could be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in fireplace. Later ceramics were glazed and terminated to set-up even, colored surfaces, lowering porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, commercial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. Inside the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such just as semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts own an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and tendencies of peoples of the past. They are really among the most common artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of collected sherds can be regular with two main types of analysis: specialized and traditional.
Traditional analysis involves sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of people among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological assignment of these items.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis entails a finer study of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the materials and through this the possible creation site. Key conditions are the composition of the clay and the temper found in the production of this article under research: temper is a material added to the clay during the initial production stage, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell parts, granite fragments and surface sherd items called 'grog'. Temper is discovered by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification depends upon a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are recognized to occur, an assignment of the material source can be made. From the source task of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of production.
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