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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Differing crystallinity and electron intake in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric powered insulators (extensively explored in ceramic anatomist). With such a sizable range of possible options for the composition/structure of a ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, all types of bonding almost, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is huge, and identifiable features (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition heat, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fibers, while comprising ceramic materials, are not regarded as area of the ceramic family.The portrayed term "ceramic originates from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "personnel of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it can be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in open fire. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to make simple later, colored surfaces, lessening porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, professional and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. Inside the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such such as semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts own an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, habit and technology of peoples of days gone by. They may be among the most typical artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of collected sherds can be regular with two main types of analysis: technical and traditional.Traditional analysis entails sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of the folks among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological assignment of these parts.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis entails a finer study of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the material and through this the possible production site. Key standards are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the make of the article under analysis: temper is a materials added to the clay during the initial production stage, and it can be used to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell pieces, granite fragments and earth sherd items called 'grog'. Temper is determined by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification is determined by a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an task of the materials source can be made. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be produced in to the site of manufacture.
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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Differing crystallinity and electron intake in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric powered insulators (extensively explored in ceramic anatomist). With such a sizable range of possible options for the composition/structure of a ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, all types of bonding almost, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is huge, and identifiable features (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition heat, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fibers, while comprising ceramic materials, are not regarded as area of the ceramic family.
The portrayed term "ceramic originates from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "personnel of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it can be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in open fire. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to make simple later, colored surfaces, lessening porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, professional and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. Inside the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such such as semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts own an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, habit and technology of peoples of days gone by. They may be among the most typical artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of collected sherds can be regular with two main types of analysis: technical and traditional.
Traditional analysis entails sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of the folks among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological assignment of these parts.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis entails a finer study of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the material and through this the possible production site. Key standards are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the make of the article under analysis: temper is a materials added to the clay during the initial production stage, and it can be used to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell pieces, granite fragments and earth sherd items called 'grog'. Temper is determined by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification is determined by a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an task of the materials source can be made. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be produced in to the site of manufacture.
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