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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sound material comprising steel, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Varying crystallinity and electron utilization in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric insulators (thoroughly investigated in ceramic engineering). With such a sizable selection of possible options for the composition/structure of any ceramic (e.g. almost all of the elements, all types of bonding practically, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is vast, and identifiable qualities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electro-mechanical conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition temp, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass dietary fiber, while containing ceramic materials, are not considered to be area of the ceramic family.The word "ceramic comes from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "personnel of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in hearth. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to set-up simple later, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. Within the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such such as semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts own an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, behavior and technology of peoples of the past. They can be among the most common artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of gathered sherds can be constant with two main types of examination: technical and traditional.Traditional analysis consists of sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological condition of the sociable people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological project of these items.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis includes a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the materials and through this the possible making site. Key criteria are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the manufacture of this article under review: temper is a material put into the clay during the initial production stage, and it is employed to aid the next drying process. Types of temper include shell items, granite fragments and earth sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is discovered by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification is determined by a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an assignment of the material source can be made. From the foundation assignment of the artifact further investigations can be produced in to the site of manufacture.
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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sound material comprising steel, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Varying crystallinity and electron utilization in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric insulators (thoroughly investigated in ceramic engineering). With such a sizable selection of possible options for the composition/structure of any ceramic (e.g. almost all of the elements, all types of bonding practically, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is vast, and identifiable qualities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electro-mechanical conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition temp, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass dietary fiber, while containing ceramic materials, are not considered to be area of the ceramic family.
The word "ceramic comes from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "personnel of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in hearth. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to set-up simple later, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. Within the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such such as semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts own an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, behavior and technology of peoples of the past. They can be among the most common artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of gathered sherds can be constant with two main types of examination: technical and traditional.
Traditional analysis consists of sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological condition of the sociable people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological project of these items.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis includes a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the materials and through this the possible making site. Key criteria are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the manufacture of this article under review: temper is a material put into the clay during the initial production stage, and it is employed to aid the next drying process. Types of temper include shell items, granite fragments and earth sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is discovered by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification is determined by a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an assignment of the material source can be made. From the foundation assignment of the artifact further investigations can be produced in to the site of manufacture.
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