A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms generally held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Varying crystallinity and electron usage in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electronic insulators (extensively researched in ceramic executive). With such a sizable range of possible options for the structure/structure of a ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, all types of bonding nearly, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable capabilities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electronic conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition temps, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber, while made up of ceramic materials, aren't regarded as area of the ceramic family.The word "ceramic comes from the Greek term ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, process or product, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in flames. Ceramics were glazed and fired to generate simple later, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, professional and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. Inside the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic anatomist, such as with semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts have an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, behavior and technology of peoples of days gone by. They are really among the most typical artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of gathered sherds can be consistent with two main types of research: specialized and traditional.Traditional analysis involves sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of the folks among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological task of these items.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis includes a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the way to obtain the material and through this the possible production site. Key requirements are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the manufacture of the article under analysis: temper is a material put into the clay during the initial production level, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell pieces, granite fragments and ground sherd bits called 'grog'. Temper is identified by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be made. From the source task of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of produce.
American Ceramic Society; American Ceramic Society. Meeting, vol 45
A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms generally held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Varying crystallinity and electron usage in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electronic insulators (extensively researched in ceramic executive). With such a sizable range of possible options for the structure/structure of a ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, all types of bonding nearly, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable capabilities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electronic conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition temps, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber, while made up of ceramic materials, aren't regarded as area of the ceramic family.
The word "ceramic comes from the Greek term ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, process or product, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in flames. Ceramics were glazed and fired to generate simple later, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, professional and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. Inside the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic anatomist, such as with semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts have an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, behavior and technology of peoples of days gone by. They are really among the most typical artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of gathered sherds can be consistent with two main types of research: specialized and traditional.
Traditional analysis involves sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of the folks among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological task of these items.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis includes a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the way to obtain the material and through this the possible production site. Key requirements are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the manufacture of the article under analysis: temper is a material put into the clay during the initial production level, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell pieces, granite fragments and ground sherd bits called 'grog'. Temper is identified by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be made. From the source task of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of produce.
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