A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising steel, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Differing crystallinity and electron ingestion in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electronic insulators (extensively explored in ceramic engineering). With such a large selection of possible options for the composition/structure of the ceramic (e.g. all the elements almost, all sorts of bonding almost, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is great, and identifiable traits (e.g. hardness, toughness, electro-mechanical conductivity, etc.) are hard to identify for the combined group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, glass transition temperatures, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber, while formulated with ceramic materials, are not regarded as area of the ceramic family.The word "ceramic comes from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to spell it out a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in hearth. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to generate simple later, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and building products, as well as an array of ceramic art. Inside the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as in semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts provide an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and tendencies of individuals of the past. They are among the most common artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of accumulated sherds can be consistent with two main types of analysis: technological and traditional.Traditional analysis involves sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of the folks among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological project of these parts.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis requires a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the way to obtain the material and through this the possible manufacturing site. Key requirements are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the production of the article under study: temper is a material added to the clay during the initial production stage, and it is used to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell portions, granite fragments and ground sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is usually determined by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are recognized to occur, an task of the materials source can be produced. From the source task of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of make.
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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising steel, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Differing crystallinity and electron ingestion in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electronic insulators (extensively explored in ceramic engineering). With such a large selection of possible options for the composition/structure of the ceramic (e.g. all the elements almost, all sorts of bonding almost, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is great, and identifiable traits (e.g. hardness, toughness, electro-mechanical conductivity, etc.) are hard to identify for the combined group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, glass transition temperatures, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber, while formulated with ceramic materials, are not regarded as area of the ceramic family.
The word "ceramic comes from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to spell it out a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".
Ceramic artifacts provide an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and tendencies of individuals of the past. They are among the most common artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of accumulated sherds can be consistent with two main types of analysis: technological and traditional.
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