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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms mainly held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Differing crystallinity and electron intake in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical power insulators (extensively explored in ceramic anatomist). With such a large selection of possible options for the structure/structure of the ceramic (e.g. every one of the elements almost, all types of bonding nearly, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is huge, and identifiable qualities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, goblet transition heat range, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon dietary fiber, while made up of ceramic materials, are not considered to be part of the ceramic family.The word "ceramic comes from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either by itself or blended with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in fire. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to build soft, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, industrial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. Inside the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such as in semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts produce an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and patterns of individuals of the past. These are among the most common artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of gathered sherds can be constant with two main types of analysis: technical and traditional.Traditional analysis consists of sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of the folks among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological project of these items.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis entails a finer study of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the way to obtain the material and through this the possible manufacturing site. Key requirements are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the produce of this article under research: temper is a materials added to the clay during the initial production stage, and it is utilized to aid the next drying process. Types of temper include shell parts, granite fragments and floor sherd bits called 'grog'. Temper is usually discovered by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification depends upon an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating a region where both are known to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be made. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of manufacture.
hot plate39; by ami drach and dov ganchrow
Ceramic plate in classical blue and white with black and white
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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms mainly held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Differing crystallinity and electron intake in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical power insulators (extensively explored in ceramic anatomist). With such a large selection of possible options for the structure/structure of the ceramic (e.g. every one of the elements almost, all types of bonding nearly, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is huge, and identifiable qualities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, goblet transition heat range, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon dietary fiber, while made up of ceramic materials, are not considered to be part of the ceramic family.
The word "ceramic comes from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either by itself or blended with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in fire. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to build soft, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, industrial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. Inside the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such as in semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts produce an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and patterns of individuals of the past. These are among the most common artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of gathered sherds can be constant with two main types of analysis: technical and traditional.
Traditional analysis consists of sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and much larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of the folks among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological project of these items.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis entails a finer study of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the way to obtain the material and through this the possible manufacturing site. Key requirements are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the produce of this article under research: temper is a materials added to the clay during the initial production stage, and it is utilized to aid the next drying process. Types of temper include shell parts, granite fragments and floor sherd bits called 'grog'. Temper is usually discovered by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification depends upon an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating a region where both are known to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be made. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of manufacture.
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