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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising steel, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Varying crystallinity and electron usage in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical insulators (extensively investigated in ceramic engineering). With such a sizable range of possible options for the structure/structure of your ceramic (e.g. almost all of the elements, almost all types of bonding, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable capabilities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical power conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the merged group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, glass transition temps, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fibers, while filled with ceramic materials, aren't regarded as part of the ceramic family.The expressed word "ceramic originates from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known mention of the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it can be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in flame. Ceramics were glazed and fired to create smooth later, colored surfaces, lessening porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, commercial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. Inside the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such as with semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts own an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, patterns and technology of peoples of the past. They are simply among the most typical artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of accumulated sherds can be steady with two main types of research: complex and traditional.Traditional analysis entails sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of the folks among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological assignment of these pieces.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis requires a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the materials and through this the possible making site. Key standards are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the manufacture of this article under study: temper is a materials added to the clay during the initial production level, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell items, granite fragments and ground sherd parts called 'grog'. Temper is recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an assignment of the material source can be made. From the foundation task of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of make.
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EUGENE HŐN : CERAMIC ARTIST: Contemporary art and design In China
Thai Ceramic Society เซรามิกส์ไทย
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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising steel, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Varying crystallinity and electron usage in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical insulators (extensively investigated in ceramic engineering). With such a sizable range of possible options for the structure/structure of your ceramic (e.g. almost all of the elements, almost all types of bonding, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable capabilities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical power conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the merged group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, glass transition temps, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fibers, while filled with ceramic materials, aren't regarded as part of the ceramic family.
The expressed word "ceramic originates from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known mention of the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "staff of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it can be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in flame. Ceramics were glazed and fired to create smooth later, colored surfaces, lessening porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, commercial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. Inside the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such as with semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts own an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, patterns and technology of peoples of the past. They are simply among the most typical artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of accumulated sherds can be steady with two main types of research: complex and traditional.
Traditional analysis entails sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of the folks among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological assignment of these pieces.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis requires a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the materials and through this the possible making site. Key standards are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the manufacture of this article under study: temper is a materials added to the clay during the initial production level, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell items, granite fragments and ground sherd parts called 'grog'. Temper is recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an assignment of the material source can be made. From the foundation task of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of make.
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