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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Differing crystallinity and electron intake in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical insulators (extensively researched in ceramic executive). With such a huge range of possible options for the composition/structure of the ceramic (e.g. almost all of the elements, nearly all types of bonding, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is great, and identifiable characteristics (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical power conductivity, etc.) are hard to identify for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, a glass transition temperature, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fibre, while formulated with ceramic materials, aren't regarded as part of the ceramic family.The indicated phrase "ceramic comes from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known reference to the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "workers of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, process or product, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in open fire. Ceramics were glazed and fired to build smooth later, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, industrial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. Within the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as with semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts come with an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, behavior and technology of individuals of days gone by. They may be among the most common artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of accumulated sherds can be consistent with two main types of analysis: technical and traditional.Traditional analysis involves sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological status of the public people among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological project of these portions.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis consists of a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the way to obtain the material and through this the possible creation site. Key criteria are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the production of this article under study: temper is a material added to the clay through the initial production stage, and it is utilized to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell bits, granite fragments and earth sherd bits called 'grog'. Temper is usually determined by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both clay and temper compositions, and locating a region where both are known to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be made. From the foundation task of the artifact further investigations can be produced in to the site of produce.
A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Differing crystallinity and electron intake in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical insulators (extensively researched in ceramic executive). With such a huge range of possible options for the composition/structure of the ceramic (e.g. almost all of the elements, nearly all types of bonding, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is great, and identifiable characteristics (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical power conductivity, etc.) are hard to identify for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, a glass transition temperature, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fibre, while formulated with ceramic materials, aren't regarded as part of the ceramic family.
The indicated phrase "ceramic comes from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known reference to the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "workers of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, process or product, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in open fire. Ceramics were glazed and fired to build smooth later, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, industrial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. Within the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as with semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts come with an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, behavior and technology of individuals of days gone by. They may be among the most common artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of accumulated sherds can be consistent with two main types of analysis: technical and traditional.
Traditional analysis involves sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological status of the public people among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological project of these portions.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis consists of a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the way to obtain the material and through this the possible creation site. Key criteria are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the production of this article under study: temper is a material added to the clay through the initial production stage, and it is utilized to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell bits, granite fragments and earth sherd bits called 'grog'. Temper is usually determined by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both clay and temper compositions, and locating a region where both are known to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be made. From the foundation task of the artifact further investigations can be produced in to the site of produce.
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