A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms mainly held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Varying crystallinity and electron consumption in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical insulators (thoroughly explored in ceramic anatomist). With such a large selection of possible options for the structure/structure of an ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, all sorts of bonding nearly, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is huge, and identifiable features (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical power conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, glass transition temperatures, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber content, while filled with ceramic materials, aren't considered to be part of the ceramic family.The portrayed expression "ceramic originates from the Greek phrase ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known reference to the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "workers of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, process or product, or it may be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics made by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in fire. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to make smooth, colored surfaces, lowering porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, professional and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such as in semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts offer an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, action and technology of peoples of days gone by. They are simply among the most typical artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of collected sherds can be regular with two main types of examination: complex and traditional.Traditional analysis will involve sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of the individuals among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological project of these pieces.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis requires a finer examination of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the material and through this the possible processing site. Key standards are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the make of the article under research: temper is a materials put into the clay during the initial production stage, and it is utilized to aid the next drying process. Types of temper include shell portions, granite fragments and surface sherd items called 'grog'. Temper is identified by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification depends upon an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an project of the material source can be produced. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of produce.
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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms mainly held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Varying crystallinity and electron consumption in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical insulators (thoroughly explored in ceramic anatomist). With such a large selection of possible options for the structure/structure of an ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, all sorts of bonding nearly, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is huge, and identifiable features (e.g. hardness, toughness, electrical power conductivity, etc.) are hard to specify for the group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, glass transition temperatures, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber content, while filled with ceramic materials, aren't considered to be part of the ceramic family.
The portrayed expression "ceramic originates from the Greek phrase ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known reference to the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "workers of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to describe a material, process or product, or it may be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
Ceramic artifacts offer an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, action and technology of peoples of days gone by. They are simply among the most typical artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of collected sherds can be regular with two main types of examination: complex and traditional.
Traditional analysis will involve sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of the individuals among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological project of these pieces.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis requires a finer examination of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the material and through this the possible processing site. Key standards are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the make of the article under research: temper is a materials put into the clay during the initial production stage, and it is utilized to aid the next drying process. Types of temper include shell portions, granite fragments and surface sherd items called 'grog'. Temper is identified by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification depends upon an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an project of the material source can be produced. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of produce.
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