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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Differing crystallinity and electron usage in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric powered insulators (extensively investigated in ceramic engineering). With such a huge range of possible options for the composition/structure of a ceramic (e.g. every one of the elements practically, nearly all types of bonding, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is great, and identifiable traits (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition heat range, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber, while formulated with ceramic materials, aren't regarded as part of the ceramic family.The term "ceramic originates from the Greek term ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "workers of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to spell it out a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics created by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in hearth. Ceramics were glazed and fired to create smooth later, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and building products, as well as an array of ceramic art. Within the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as in semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts produce an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, action and technology of individuals of the past. They may be among the most typical artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of accumulated sherds can be steady with two main types of research: technological and traditional.Traditional analysis involves sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and larger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technical point out of the communal people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological project of these items.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis involves a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the way to obtain the materials and through this the possible processing site. Key standards are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the production of the article under analysis: temper is a material put into the clay during the initial production stage, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell pieces, granite fragments and ground sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is discovered by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification depends upon an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be made. From the foundation assignment of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of production.
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older piece by british ceramic designer ann linnemann
BibliOdyssey: Maastricht Ceramic Design
After getting hooked on ceramics when she happened upon a class at the
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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., spectacles). Differing crystallinity and electron usage in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric powered insulators (extensively investigated in ceramic engineering). With such a huge range of possible options for the composition/structure of a ceramic (e.g. every one of the elements practically, nearly all types of bonding, and all degrees of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is great, and identifiable traits (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition heat range, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber, while formulated with ceramic materials, aren't regarded as part of the ceramic family.
The term "ceramic originates from the Greek term ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "workers of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to spell it out a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The initial ceramics created by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in hearth. Ceramics were glazed and fired to create smooth later, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, industrial and building products, as well as an array of ceramic art. Within the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as in semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts produce an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, action and technology of individuals of the past. They may be among the most typical artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of accumulated sherds can be steady with two main types of research: technological and traditional.
Traditional analysis involves sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and larger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, morphology and manufacturing. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technical point out of the communal people among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological project of these items.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis involves a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the way to obtain the materials and through this the possible processing site. Key standards are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the production of the article under analysis: temper is a material put into the clay during the initial production stage, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell pieces, granite fragments and ground sherd portions called 'grog'. Temper is discovered by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification depends upon an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an assignment of the materials source can be made. From the foundation assignment of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of production.
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