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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sturdy material comprising steel, nonmetal or metalloid atoms generally held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Varying crystallinity and electron utilization in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electro-mechanical insulators (extensively explored in ceramic engineering). With such a large selection of possible options for the composition/structure of the ceramic (e.g. almost all of the elements, all sorts of bonding nearly, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is vast, and identifiable characteristics (e.g. hardness, toughness, electronic conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the blended group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, goblet transition temperatures, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber content, while filled with ceramic materials, are not regarded as part of the ceramic family.The term "ceramic comes from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "employees of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in open fire. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to generate smooth, colored surfaces, lowering porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, commercial and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. Inside the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such as with semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts produce an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, patterns and technology of individuals of days gone by. These are among the most common artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of accumulated sherds can be steady with two main types of evaluation: complex and traditional.Traditional analysis requires sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of the people among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological project of these parts.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis requires a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the materials and through this the possible making site. Key standards are the structure of the clay and the temper found in the manufacture of this article under research: temper is a material added to the clay during the initial production level, and it is employed to aid the next drying out process. Types of temper include shell bits, granite fragments and floor sherd items called 'grog'. Temper is recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an task of the material source can be produced. From the foundation assignment of the artifact further investigations can be made in to the site of production.
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Lace Dinner Plate from Soendergaard Design Ceramic plates 10 of
Home Page / Iznik Ceramics / Iznik Ceramic Plates
Home Page / Iznik Ceramics / Iznik Ceramic Plates
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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sturdy material comprising steel, nonmetal or metalloid atoms generally held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Varying crystallinity and electron utilization in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electro-mechanical insulators (extensively explored in ceramic engineering). With such a large selection of possible options for the composition/structure of the ceramic (e.g. almost all of the elements, all sorts of bonding nearly, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is vast, and identifiable characteristics (e.g. hardness, toughness, electronic conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the blended group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, goblet transition temperatures, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber content, while filled with ceramic materials, are not regarded as part of the ceramic family.
The term "ceramic comes from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known mention of the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "employees of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to describe a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery things, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in open fire. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to generate smooth, colored surfaces, lowering porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, commercial and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. Inside the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic executive, such as with semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts produce an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, patterns and technology of individuals of days gone by. These are among the most common artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of accumulated sherds can be steady with two main types of evaluation: complex and traditional.
Traditional analysis requires sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of the people among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological project of these parts.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis requires a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the materials and through this the possible making site. Key standards are the structure of the clay and the temper found in the manufacture of this article under research: temper is a material added to the clay during the initial production level, and it is employed to aid the next drying out process. Types of temper include shell bits, granite fragments and floor sherd items called 'grog'. Temper is recognized by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification is determined by an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an task of the material source can be produced. From the foundation assignment of the artifact further investigations can be made in to the site of production.
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