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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms mostly held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Varying crystallinity and electron usage in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical power insulators (extensively researched in ceramic engineering). With such a sizable selection of possible options for the structure/structure of any ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, all types of bonding nearly, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is vast, and identifiable characteristics (e.g. hardness, toughness, electronic conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the merged group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, goblet transition heat range, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fibers, while formulated with ceramic materials, aren't regarded as area of the ceramic family.The term "ceramic originates from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "individuals of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in flame. Ceramics were glazed and fired to generate soft later, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, commercial and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. Within the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic anatomist, such just as semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts own an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, habit and technology of individuals of days gone by. They are among the most common artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of accumulated sherds can be steady with two main types of evaluation: technical and traditional.Traditional analysis requires sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and larger fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of individuals among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological task of these portions.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis involves a finer study of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the material and through this the possible processing site. Key conditions are the structure of the clay and the temper used in the manufacture of the article under study: temper is a materials added to the clay during the initial production level, and it is utilized to aid the next drying process. Types of temper include shell items, granite fragments and surface sherd pieces called 'grog'. Temper is usually determined by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification is determined by a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an task of the material source can be made. From the source task of the artifact further investigations can be produced into the site of make.
A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms mostly held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and often completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Varying crystallinity and electron usage in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical power insulators (extensively researched in ceramic engineering). With such a sizable selection of possible options for the structure/structure of any ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, all types of bonding nearly, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is vast, and identifiable characteristics (e.g. hardness, toughness, electronic conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the merged group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, goblet transition heat range, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fibers, while formulated with ceramic materials, aren't regarded as area of the ceramic family.
The term "ceramic originates from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "individuals of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, created from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in flame. Ceramics were glazed and fired to generate soft later, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, commercial and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. Within the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic anatomist, such just as semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts own an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, habit and technology of individuals of days gone by. They are among the most common artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally by means of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of accumulated sherds can be steady with two main types of evaluation: technical and traditional.
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