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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sturdy material comprising steel, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Differing crystallinity and electron consumption in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electronic insulators (extensively researched in ceramic engineering). With such a large range of possible options for the composition/structure of a ceramic (e.g. all the elements nearly, nearly all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is huge, and identifiable characteristics (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the mixed group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, a glass transition temp, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fibre, while filled with ceramic materials, are not regarded as area of the ceramic family.The word "ceramic originates from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "workers of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, product or process, or it could be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics created by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in flames. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to produce clean later, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, professional and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. In the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as in semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts have an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, patterns and technology of peoples of days gone by. They may be among the most typical artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of collected sherds can be steady with two main types of evaluation: technical and traditional.Traditional analysis involves sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of the individuals among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological task of these pieces.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis entails a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the way to obtain the material and through this the possible making site. Key requirements are the structure of the clay and the temper found in the produce of the article under analysis: temper is a material added to the clay through the initial production level, and it is utilized to aid the next drying out process. Types of temper include shell pieces, granite fragments and floor sherd bits called 'grog'. Temper is usually identified by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification depends upon a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an task of the materials source can be produced. From the foundation project of the artifact further investigations can be made in to the site of production.
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A ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sturdy material comprising steel, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Differing crystallinity and electron consumption in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electronic insulators (extensively researched in ceramic engineering). With such a large range of possible options for the composition/structure of a ceramic (e.g. all the elements nearly, nearly all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is huge, and identifiable characteristics (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the mixed group all together. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility are the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, a glass transition temp, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fibre, while filled with ceramic materials, are not regarded as area of the ceramic family.
The word "ceramic originates from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The initial known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "workers of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, product or process, or it could be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The initial ceramics created by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in flames. Ceramics were glazed and terminated to produce clean later, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include local, professional and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. In the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as in semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts have an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, patterns and technology of peoples of days gone by. They may be among the most typical artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Control of collected sherds can be steady with two main types of evaluation: technical and traditional.
Traditional analysis involves sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of the individuals among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages allows for a chronological task of these pieces.[13]The technical method of ceramic analysis entails a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the way to obtain the material and through this the possible making site. Key requirements are the structure of the clay and the temper found in the produce of the article under analysis: temper is a material added to the clay through the initial production level, and it is utilized to aid the next drying out process. Types of temper include shell pieces, granite fragments and floor sherd bits called 'grog'. Temper is usually identified by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification depends upon a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both the clay and temper compositions, and locating an area where both are known to occur, an task of the materials source can be produced. From the foundation project of the artifact further investigations can be made in to the site of production.
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