A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Differing crystallinity and electron usage in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric powered insulators (thoroughly investigated in ceramic anatomist). With such a large range of possible options for the structure/structure of a ceramic (e.g. all of the elements nearly, all types of bonding practically, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is great, and identifiable traits (e.g. hardness, toughness, electronic conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the combined group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition temp, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber, while including ceramic materials, are not considered to be area of the ceramic family.The word "ceramic comes from the Greek phrase ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "workers of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it may be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics created by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in hearth. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to set-up clean, colored surfaces, reducing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, commercial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic anatomist, such as with semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts own an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and tendencies of individuals of the past. They are simply among the most frequent artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of gathered sherds can be constant with two main types of analysis: technological and traditional.Traditional analysis will involve sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of the individuals among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological project of these items.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis entails a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the material and through this the possible developing site. Key standards are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the production of the article under analysis: temper is a materials added to the clay during the initial production level, and it can be used to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell parts, granite fragments and surface sherd bits called 'grog'. Temper is identified by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification depends upon an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both clay and temper compositions, and locating a region where both are known to occur, an assignment of the material source can be made. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be made in to the site of manufacture.
A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] solid material comprising metallic, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., eyeglasses). Differing crystallinity and electron usage in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric powered insulators (thoroughly investigated in ceramic anatomist). With such a large range of possible options for the structure/structure of a ceramic (e.g. all of the elements nearly, all types of bonding practically, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the topic is great, and identifiable traits (e.g. hardness, toughness, electronic conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the combined group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, cup transition temp, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fiber, while including ceramic materials, are not considered to be area of the ceramic family.
The word "ceramic comes from the Greek phrase ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "workers of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it may be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The initial ceramics created by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, solidified, sintered, in hearth. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to set-up clean, colored surfaces, reducing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, commercial and building products, as well as a wide range of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic anatomist, such as with semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts own an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and tendencies of individuals of the past. They are simply among the most frequent artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of gathered sherds can be constant with two main types of analysis: technological and traditional.
Traditional analysis will involve sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies you'll be able to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of the individuals among other conclusions. Furthermore, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time can you really separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological project of these items.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis entails a finer examination of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to determine the source of the material and through this the possible developing site. Key standards are the composition of the clay and the temper used in the production of the article under analysis: temper is a materials added to the clay during the initial production level, and it can be used to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell parts, granite fragments and surface sherd bits called 'grog'. Temper is identified by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification depends upon an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both clay and temper compositions, and locating a region where both are known to occur, an assignment of the material source can be made. From the source assignment of the artifact further investigations can be made in to the site of manufacture.
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