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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and often completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Varying crystallinity and electron utilization in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric insulators (thoroughly explored in ceramic engineering). With such a huge range of possible options for the composition/structure of any ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, nearly all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable characteristics (e.g. hardness, toughness, electro-mechanical conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, glass transition temperatures, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fibre, while containing ceramic materials, aren't regarded as area of the ceramic family.The expressed word "ceramic originates from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "personnel of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in fire. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to make clean, colored surfaces, reducing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, commercial and building products, as well as an array of ceramic art. Within the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as in semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts have an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and action of peoples of the past. They can be among the most typical artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of collected sherds can be regular with two main types of research: complex and traditional.Traditional analysis includes sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of individuals among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological project of these items.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis entails a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the materials and through this the possible processing site. Key conditions are the structure of the clay and the temper found in the make of this article under study: temper is a materials added to the clay during the initial production level, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell items, granite fragments and floor sherd pieces called 'grog'. Temper is usually identified by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification depends upon a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating a region where both are recognized to occur, an project of the materials source can be produced. From the source task of the artifact further investigations can be produced in to the site of make.
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Screen Porch with Water View Westport, Connecticut traditionalporch
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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] stable material comprising material, nonmetal or metalloid atoms held in ionic and covalent bonds primarily. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and often completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Varying crystallinity and electron utilization in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric insulators (thoroughly explored in ceramic engineering). With such a huge range of possible options for the composition/structure of any ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, nearly all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable characteristics (e.g. hardness, toughness, electro-mechanical conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each one of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, glass transition temperatures, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as carbon and fiberglass fibre, while containing ceramic materials, aren't regarded as area of the ceramic family.
The expressed word "ceramic originates from the Greek expression ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the root "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "personnel of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The word "ceramic" may be used as an adjective to spell it out a material, product or process, or it might be used as a noun, either singular, or, additionally, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The earliest ceramics created by humans were pottery objects, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either alone or blended with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in fire. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to make clean, colored surfaces, reducing porosity through the use of glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings together with the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include home, commercial and building products, as well as an array of ceramic art. Within the 20th hundred years, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as in semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts have an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, technology and action of peoples of the past. They can be among the most typical artifacts to be found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Processing of collected sherds can be regular with two main types of research: complex and traditional.
Traditional analysis includes sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and bigger fragments into specific types based on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of individuals among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics over time is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). An evaluation of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological project of these items.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis entails a finer study of the structure of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the source of the materials and through this the possible processing site. Key conditions are the structure of the clay and the temper found in the make of this article under study: temper is a materials added to the clay during the initial production level, and it is employed to aid the subsequent drying out process. Types of temper include shell items, granite fragments and floor sherd pieces called 'grog'. Temper is usually identified by microscopic examination of the temper material. Clay identification depends upon a process of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating a region where both are recognized to occur, an project of the materials source can be produced. From the source task of the artifact further investigations can be produced in to the site of make.
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