A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sturdy material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Differing crystallinity and electron use in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric insulators (extensively researched in ceramic anatomist). With such a sizable range of possible options for the structure/structure of any ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, nearly all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is huge, and identifiable capabilities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric powered conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition heat, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber content, while made up of ceramic materials, are not considered to be part of the ceramic family.The indicated term "ceramic originates from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "personnel of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it can be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in flame. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to make soft, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, professional and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic anatomist, such as in semiconductors.Ceramic artifacts offer an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, habit and technology of individuals of the past. They are among the most typical artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of accumulated sherds can be regular with two main types of evaluation: technical and traditional.Traditional analysis entails sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and greater fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of folks among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological project of these pieces.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis will involve a finer study of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the way to obtain the materials and through this the possible processing site. Key criteria are the composition of the clay and the temper found in the manufacture of this article under study: temper is a materials added to the clay through the initial production level, and it is used to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell portions, granite fragments and earth sherd pieces called 'grog'. Temper is identified by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification depends upon an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are recognized to occur, an assignment of the material source can be produced. From the foundation task of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of manufacture.
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iznik design ceramic plate millenium modern design for year 2000
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A ceramic can be an inorganic, nonmetallic[a] sturdy material comprising metal, nonmetal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and covalent bonds. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from oriented to semi-crystalline highly, and frequently completely amorphous (e.g., glasses). Differing crystallinity and electron use in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electric insulators (extensively researched in ceramic anatomist). With such a sizable range of possible options for the structure/structure of any ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, nearly all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is huge, and identifiable capabilities (e.g. hardness, toughness, electric powered conductivity, etc.) are hard to designate for the group as a whole. General properties such as high melting temperature, high hardness, poor conductivity, high moduli of elasticity, chemical resistance and low ductility will be the norm,[1] with known exceptions to each of these rules (e.g. piezoelectric ceramics, wine glass transition heat, superconductive ceramics, etc.). Many composites, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber content, while made up of ceramic materials, are not considered to be part of the ceramic family.
The indicated term "ceramic originates from the Greek word ????????? (keramikos), "of pottery" or "for pottery",[3] from ??????? (keramos), "potter's clay, tile, pottery".[4] The earliest known reference to the main "ceram-" is the Mycenaean Greek ke-ra-me-we, "personnel of ceramics", written in Linear B syllabic script.[5] The term "ceramic" can be utilized as an adjective to spell it out a material, process or product, or it can be used as a noun, either singular, or, more commonly, as the plural noun "ceramics".
The initial ceramics made by humans were pottery items, including 27,000-year-old figurines, made from clay, either by itself or mixed with other materials like silica, hardened, sintered, in flame. Later ceramics were glazed and fired to make soft, colored surfaces, decreasing porosity by using glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings on top of the crystalline ceramic substrates.[7] Ceramics now include domestic, professional and building products, as well as a variety of ceramic art. In the 20th century, new ceramic materials were developed for use in advanced ceramic anatomist, such as in semiconductors.
Ceramic artifacts offer an important role in archaeology for understanding the culture, habit and technology of individuals of the past. They are among the most typical artifacts found at an archaeological site, generally in the form of small fragments of broken pottery called sherds. Handling of accumulated sherds can be regular with two main types of evaluation: technical and traditional.
Traditional analysis entails sorting ceramic artifacts, sherds and greater fragments into specific types predicated on style, composition, manufacturing and morphology. By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the goal of the ceramic and technological state of folks among other conclusions. In addition, by looking at stylistic changes of ceramics as time passes is it possible to separate (seriate) the ceramics into distinct diagnostic groups (assemblages). A comparison of ceramic artifacts with known dated assemblages permits a chronological project of these pieces.[13]The technical approach to ceramic analysis will involve a finer study of the composition of ceramic artifacts and sherds to look for the way to obtain the materials and through this the possible processing site. Key criteria are the composition of the clay and the temper found in the manufacture of this article under study: temper is a materials added to the clay through the initial production level, and it is used to aid the subsequent drying process. Types of temper include shell portions, granite fragments and earth sherd pieces called 'grog'. Temper is identified by microscopic examination of the temper material usually. Clay identification depends upon an activity of refiring the ceramic, and assigning a color to it using Munsell Soil Color notation. By estimating both temper and clay compositions, and locating an area where both are recognized to occur, an assignment of the material source can be produced. From the foundation task of the artifact further investigations can be made into the site of manufacture.
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